Batteries for photovoltaics
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The accumulators (batteries) store the energy produced by the solar panels, thus ensuring energy independence and continuity of electricity supply. The batteries are, therefore, used to store the excess energy produced by the PV system or as a backup energy source in the event of a power failure.
What are the advantages of the battery?
A battery can help maximize the use of solar energy. During the day, when the sun is shining, and the solar panels produce more electricity than you use, the excess energy can be stored in the battery. Then, during the night or on cloudy days, when the solar system's production does not cover the consumption, you can use the stored energy from the battery.
During a power outage, the battery can give your home backup power. Using the battery, you can power appliances and devices even during a power outage.
Suppose the utility company charges you different rates for electricity at other times. In that case, you can use the energy stored in the battery when the higher rate is applied to avoid an increase in your electricity bill. This procedure is known as "peak saving."
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The main types of solar batteries include:
Lead-acid batteries (Lead-acid batteries)
These batteries are an older type that was used primarily in the early days of photovoltaics. The original lead-acid batteries did not have a long lifetime, something newer types are trying to improve upon. However, lead acid batteries are relatively large and heavy with a shorter lifetime - these disadvantages are balanced by their relatively low cost and availability.
Lithium-ion batteries
Also abbreviated as Li-ion, these batteries are a modern alternative to lead-acid batteries. Their advantages include smaller size, lighter weight, higher capacity and, above all, longer life. However, the advantages are reflected in the price of the batteries, which is higher than that of lead-acid types. The batteries are also treated from the factory with several safety features.
Batteries are divided according to voltage into:
Low voltage batteries (Low voltage LV)
High voltage batteries (High voltage HV)
The choice depends on the inverter. The latter determines whether it is compatible with low-voltage or high-voltage batteries.
Which battery capacity to choose
The battery capacity size always depends on the household's energy consumption or the location where the PV system will be installed. Battery capacity is measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh). It is impossible to talk about specific numbers, as the required battery capacity will always depend on consumption and whether the household is a conventional, multi-generation, or smaller and more energy-efficient.
There are other parameters to consider when choosing a battery:
Number of cycles
The number of cycles is the number of charges and discharges a battery can handle. Lead-acid batteries can handle approximately 500 cycles, while lithium batteries can handle up to 12 times that number and can handle 6,000 charge and discharge cycles before the battery begins to degrade. Most manufacturers quote this number of cycles.
Depth of battery discharge
When choosing a battery, knowing its DoD and SoC is good. The DoD (Depth of discharge) represents the depth of discharge, and the SoC (State of charge) is the state of charge. The DoD is the price and stage of the battery's total capacity that can be safely discharged. Thus, the higher the DoD, the more of the battery's capacity you can use. In general, the more we use the battery to its maximum, i.e. charging to 100% and discharging to 0%, the more we shorten the number of cycles, i.e. the battery's lifetime. With lead-acid batteries, the DoD is 50%, so we only get half the energy capacity out of the battery. With lithium, the DoD is as high as 80% or more. The DoD also varies according to the manufacturers of specific batteries, with Soluna at 90% and BYD at 95-100%.
The actual cost of energy
The initial cost of buying a battery is not the actual price of its performance, as this varies depending on the type of battery and the number of cycles. Therefore, buying a lead acid battery for a fraction of the price of a lithium one does not mean that your energy will be cheaper. The efficiency of a PV system and the payback should always be looked at over a longer time horizon.